13/13  that’s 100%

This Milestone has been retaken.

13 questions were answered correctly.

1

The imbalance of power within society enables the criminal justice system to maintain and perpetuate the unequal treatment of criminals. 

Which of the following theories supports the given statement?

• Functionalist theory

• Labeling theory

• Symbolic interactionist theory

• Conflict theory

RATIONALE

Conflict theorists view the police as a force of the government that unfairly targets low-income and minority people to maintain an unfair system. Convicts were cheap, available labor at the moment when slave labor became otherwise abolished. Because the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited slavery except as punishment for a crime, convict labor was used to produce even higher profits for those in economic power in society.

CONCEPT

 Punishment

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2

How has globalization impacted developed countries and developing countries differently?

• Increased outsourcing to developing countries increases unemployment in developed countries.

• The GDP rises in developing countries but falls in developed countries.

• Rapid industrialization negatively impacts developed countries but positively impacts developing countries.

• Developing countries have the potential to earn increased wealth at the expense of developed countries.

RATIONALE

Globalization is the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. Globalization causes increased outsourcing of work that eventually leads to unemployment in developed countries.

CONCEPT

 Globalization

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3

Which of the following is an effective method of social control?

• Limiting people’s basic rights, such as freedom of speech

• Using negative sanctions to deal with deviant behavior

• Ensuring governmental control of all aspects of citizens’ lives

• Severely punishing even small acts of deviance in society in public

RATIONALE

Sanctions can be positive or negative. Positive sanctions are rewards for conforming to set norms, and negative sanctions are punishments for failing to conform to set norms. Severely punishing even small acts of deviance, promoting governmental control of all aspects of citizens’ lives, and limiting people’s basic rights, such as freedom of speech, are not effective methods of social control.

CONCEPT

 Deviance and Conformity

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4

Which of the following was a result of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920?

• Districts were redrawn so that they would include equal numbers of voters.

• Women in the United States gained the right to vote.

• Black men gained the right to vote.

• Poll taxes and literacy tests were outlawed.

RATIONALE

Women in the United States gained the right to vote through the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. Black men gained the right to vote after the Civil War. After the 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case Reynolds v. Sims, districts were redrawn so that they would include equal numbers of voters.

CONCEPT

 Politics in the United States

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5

Why do some economists claim that hunter-gatherers did not have a true economy?

• There was an abundance of goods available and therefore no scarcity.

• There was no larger social system that connected different groups or tribes.

• They lived and traveled in groups that were closely related.

• They usually collected enough for their own needs and did not trade with others.

RATIONALE

Many sociologists contend that hunter-gatherers did not have a true economy because groups did not typically trade with other groups due to the scarcity of goods.

CONCEPT

 Trajectory of Economies

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6

Which of the following statements about socialism would Karl Marx be likely to agree with?

• The ideal of socialism is to set up small communities in which private property does not exist.

• Capitalism is a necessary element as a precursor to setting up a socialist state.

• In a socialist society, economic growth is accelerated since most industries are privately owned.

• A socialist society can only be set up through a peaceful process in which the society agrees on socialism.

RATIONALE

Marx and Engels felt that industrial capitalism was a necessary step that raised the level of production in society to a point where it could progress to a socialist and then communist state. Neither Marx nor Engels thought socialism could be used to set up small utopian communities.

CONCEPT

 Capitalism and Socialism

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7

According to C. Wright Mills, what is true of the power elite?

• They are a group of revolutionaries who aim to dismantle power structures from within.

• They are synonymous with the government and ruling powers.

• They control society and influence government policies in order to keep their position in society.

• They live outside of normal society, and their interests are in conflict with the government’s interests.

RATIONALE

C. Wright Mills coined the phrase “power elite” to describe what he saw as the small group of powerful people who control much of a society. Mills believed the power elite use the government to develop social policies that allow them to keep their wealth.

CONCEPT

 Theories on Government and Power

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8

Which statement is true of rational-legal authority?

• Authority is vested in a system rather than in an individual.

• Authority is inherited through lineage.

• Authority is usurped through violence and intimidation.

• Authority is assigned based on personal and emotional appeal.

RATIONALE

According to Weber, power made legitimate by laws, written rules, and regulations is termed rational-legal authority. In this type of authority, power is vested in a particular rationale, system, or ideology and not necessarily in the person who implements the specifics of that doctrine. A nation that follows a constitution applies this type of authority.

CONCEPT

 Power and Authority

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9

Which of the following statements is true of a monarchy?

• The position of a monarch is inherited through noble ancestry.

• A monarchy is a type of government that controls all aspects of a citizen’s life.

• The power in a monarchy is held by a small, elite class of people.

• The position of a monarch is reserved solely for men.

RATIONALE

A monarchy is a government in which a single person rules until the monarch dies or abdicates the throne. Usually, a monarch claims the rights to the title by way of hereditary succession or as a result of some sort of divine appointment or calling. The position of a monarch is not limited solely to men; women of noble ancestry can succeed in becoming monarchs.

CONCEPT

 Types of Political Systems

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10

Which of the following best describes gatekeeping by the media?

• The ways in which media and technology are used to symbolize a person’s social status

• The ways in which different people have different levels of access to media and technology

• The process by which media companies filter and frame messages for transmission to the public

• The process by which the media socializes people into adopting particular kinds of behavior

RATIONALE

Gatekeeping is the sorting process by which thousands of possible messages are shaped into a mass media-appropriate form and reduced to a manageable amount. In other words, the people in charge of the media decide what the public is exposed to.

CONCEPT

 Theories of Media and Technology

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11

Sociologists are analyzing the rising trend of gang violence among youth in rural areas in New York. 

Which of the following explanations best supports the cultural deviance theory?

• Rural youth are isolated from opportunities that promote socially acceptable methods of achieving goals.

• Rural youth lack strong family ties and are disconnected from society when compared to youth living in urban areas.

• Rural youth participate in deviant behaviors because it provided newer and more difficult methods of achieving goals.

• Rural youth have a genetic predisposition to violence when compared to youth living in urban areas.

RATIONALE

Cultural deviance theory suggests that conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime. Social and cultural norms change as a result of the lower class trying to achieve success after being locked out of high-value opportunities to reach those goals. Based on cultural deviance theory, the rising trend of gang violence in rural areas can be explained by the rural youths’ inability to access opportunities for success that are valued by the rich and powerful.

CONCEPT

 Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance

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12

Crimes targeted against someone due to their race are known as __________ crimes.

• white-collar

• victimless

• hate

• organized

RATIONALE

Attacks based on a person’s race, religion, sexuality, disability, or other characteristics are known as hate crimes. People who commit hate crimes target their victims on the basis of the victim’s race, gender, sexuality, religion, or other characteristics, or what the offender perceives to be the victim’s characteristics.

CONCEPT

 Crime

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13

How does technological stratification impact society?

• It increases the divide between social classes.

• It reduces the existing gap in e-readiness.

• It facilitates the exchange of technological advancements across borders.

• It ensures that people from different social and cultural backgrounds have equal access to technology.

RATIONALE

There are two forms of technological stratification. The first is differential class-based access to technology in the form of the digital divide. This digital divide has led to the second form, a knowledge gap, which is, as it sounds, an ongoing and increasing gap in information for those who have less access to technology. Since the beginning of the millennium, social science researchers have tried to bring attention to the digital divide, the uneven access to technology among different races, classes, and geographic areas. Even as we improve access, we have failed to address an increasingly evident gap in e-readiness—the ability to sort through, interpret, and process digital knowledge.

CONCEPT

 Media and Technology

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UNIT 4 — MILESTONE 4

What effect did the NAFTA have on the United States? It…

What effect did the NAFTA have on the United States?

It significantly increased the number of jobs in the United States.

It restricted the United States’ trade opportunities because of the high tariffs imposed on goods.

It created unemployment in both the U.S. and Mexico.

It decreased the flow of goods and capital across the United States.

Which of the following indicates that an economy is a capitalist economy rather than a socialist economy?

There are no industries in which one business has a monopoly over production.

Essential services, such as health care and education, are administered by the government.

Workers are paid fair wages in accordance with their skills and abilities.

The costs of finished items are determined by how much is available and what people are willing to pay.

The imbalance of power within society enables the criminal justice system to maintain and perpetuate the unequal treatment of criminals. 

Which of the following theories supports the given statement?

Functionalist theory

Conflict theory

Symbolic interactionist theory

Labeling theory

Crimes targeted against someone due to their race are known as __________ crimes.

white-collar

hate

organized

victimless

Why do some economists claim that hunter-gatherers did not have a true economy?

There was no larger social system that connected different groups or tribes.

There was an abundance of goods available and therefore no scarcity.

They usually collected enough for their own needs and did not trade with others.

They lived and traveled in groups that were closely related.

What effect did the removal of the Fairness Doctrine in 1987 have on broadcast media?

It mandated that broadcasters air opposing views on controversial topics to their audiences.

It stopped the control of the type of information that was presented to television audiences.

It allowed broadcasters to propagate specific agenda on controversial matters.

It prevented the acquisition of broadcast media channels by major networks.

Which of the following is an effective method of social control?

Ensuring governmental control of all aspects of citizens’ lives

Severely punishing even small acts of deviance in society in public

Limiting people’s basic rights, such as freedom of speech

Using negative sanctions to deal with deviant behavior

The British monarchy is an example of __________ because Queen Elizabeth inherited her position as a monarch.

traditional authority

charismatic authority

democratic authority

rational-legal authority

In which of the following examples is the media acting as an agent of socialization?

People with less access to the media tend to have less power in society and vice versa.

An online shopping website uses data from user searches to target specific advertisements at consumers.

A newspaper does not publish sensitive information about a political incident for fear of causing panic.

Adolescents frequently adopt slang and mannerisms of speech from popular TV shows.

According to C. Wright Mills, what is true of the power elite?

They control society and influence government policies in order to keep their position in society.

They live outside of normal society, and their interests are in conflict with the government’s interests.

They are synonymous with the government and ruling powers.

They are a group of revolutionaries who aim to dismantle power structures from within.

Which of the following was a result of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920?

Poll taxes and literacy tests were outlawed.

Women in the United States gained the right to vote.

Black men gained the right to vote.

Districts were redrawn so that they would include equal numbers of voters.

Which option best describes how Mills’s conflict theory views deviance and crime?

Deviance is crucial for the development of society, and without crime, society cannot learn conformity and compliance.

Crime is much more likely to occur in wealthy and educated societies than they are in impoverished and underprivileged societies.

The lack of social ties and moral solidarity among people in societies encourages social deviance.

Wealthy movie stars can face few repercussions when they break the law, while less privileged members of society do face the legal consequences of their actions.

Which of the following statements is true of a monarchy?

The power in a monarchy is held by a small, elite class of people.

The position of a monarch is inherited through noble ancestry.

The position of a monarch is reserved solely for men.

A monarchy is a type of government that controls all aspects of a citizen’s life.

8/13  that’s 62%

RETAKE

8 questions were answered correctly.

5 questions were answered incorrectly.

1

Which of the following most indicates that a country follows market socialism?

The primary goal of the economy is to generate profits.

All decisions about production and pricing are made by the producers themselves.

The government has no involvement in production or distribution.

There is some private ownership of production.

RATIONALE

Market socialism describes a subtype of socialism that adopts certain traits of capitalism, like allowing limited private ownership or consulting market demands. This could involve situations like profits generated by a company going directly to the employees of the company or being used as public funds.

CONCEPT

 Capitalism and Socialism

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2

Which of the following is an example of corporate crime?

Lack of rules and regulations in a company to handle its employees

An employee discreetly stealing money from the company

Lack of appropriate safety mechanisms in a factory

Employees showing up to work while being intoxicated

RATIONALE

Corporate crime is illegal or socially adverse (socially negative) action on behalf of corporations, or people who work for/represent corporations. A big part of corporate crime has to do with the safety of the workers or employees of the corporation. If corporations don’t have appropriate safety mechanisms in place, they are committing a corporate crime.

CONCEPT

 Crime

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3

According to the theory of mercantilism, how does a country generate wealth?

By focusing on becoming self-sufficient to meet all of its needs

By investing in the development of its human resources

By exporting large quantities of goods for sale in foreign markets

By creating job opportunities in the service sector

RATIONALE

Mercantilism is the economic theory that a country builds wealth by exporting more goods than it imports.

CONCEPT

 Trajectory of Economies

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4

In which of the following examples is the media acting as an agent of socialization?

An online shopping website uses data from user searches to target specific advertisements at consumers.

Adolescents frequently adopt slang and mannerisms of speech from popular TV shows.

People with less access to the media tend to have less power in society and vice versa.

A newspaper does not publish sensitive information about a political incident for fear of causing panic.

RATIONALE

All forms of media teach us what is good and desirable, how we should speak, how we should behave, and how we should react to events. The media has a socializing influence when people emulate the styles of dress and talk that appear in the media.

CONCEPT

 Theories of Media and Technology

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5

Qatar has a higher per capita GDP than Malawi. 

Based on the statement above, what is most likely true about both countries?

Malawi produces more goods and services than Qatar.

People living in Qatar have fewer opportunities for economic growth than people living in Malawi.

Malawi has a bigger population than Qatar, which leads to less income per person.

People living in Qatar have a higher standard of living than people living in Malawi.

RATIONALE

The statistic most commonly used to measure the similarities and differences that exist among economies is the gross domestic product or GDP. The GDP of a country is the sum of all goods or profits produced within a country divided by its population. Countries with a higher GDP will have a greater amount of goods and services generated within them and will generally have a higher standard of living. Here, since Qatar has a higher GDP than Malawi, people living in Qatar have a higher standard of living than people living in Malawi. Qatar also produces more goods and services than Malawi.

CONCEPT

 Globalization

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6

Which of the following is an example of a positive formal sanction?

Getting feedback from a client unsatisfied with the quality of work submitted to them

Receiving a bonus from your employer for a job well done

Receiving a ticket for speeding on the highway

Getting an appreciative pat on the back from a teacher

RATIONALE

Sanctions are the means of implementing and exercising rules. Sanctions can be positive or negative. Positive sanctions are rewards for conforming to set norms, and negative sanctions are punishments for failing to conform to set norms. Here, receiving a bonus is an example of a positive formal sanction.

CONCEPT

 Deviance and Conformity

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7

According to conflict theorists, what is the proven way to create a fair and equitable society?

The large structures in society, such as government and the legal system

Government policies and the influence of the power elite

Collective social change through protests or voting

Individual conformance to social norms and values

RATIONALE

According to conflict theorists, collective social change, through either protest movements or the ballot boxes, are the only proven ways to create a more fair and equitable society.

CONCEPT

 Theories on Government and Power

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8

The British monarchy is an example of __________ because Queen Elizabeth inherited her position as a monarch.

charismatic authority

democratic authority

rational-legal authority

traditional authority

RATIONALE

Traditional authority is the type of authority that stems from customs, beliefs, and values. According to Weber, the power of traditional authority is accepted because that has traditionally been the case; its legitimacy exists because it has been accepted for a long time. The British monarchy is an example of traditional authority.

CONCEPT

 Power and Authority

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9

What is the purpose of advocacy groups such as Rock the Vote and Native Vote?

To secure voting rights for minorities

To implement voter ID laws

To improve voter turnout

To limit voter fraud

RATIONALE

Voting advocacy groups like Rock the Vote work to improve turnout. Rock the Vote targets and reaches out to America’s youngest potential voters to educate and equip them to share their voice at the polls. Public service promos from celebrity musicians support their cause. Native Vote is an organization that strives to inform Native Americans about upcoming elections and encourages their participation.

CONCEPT

 Politics in the United States

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10

In which political system do citizens nominate people to design policies on their behalf?

Monarchy

Dictatorship

Oligarchy

Democratic-republic

RATIONALE

A democracy is a form of government that attempts to provide all citizens with an equal voice, or vote, in determining state policy, regardless of their level of socioeconomic status. Another important aspect of the democratic state is the establishment and governance of a just and comprehensive constitution that delineates the roles and responsibilities of leaders and citizens alike.

CONCEPT

 Types of Political Systems

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11

Which option best describes how Mills’s conflict theory views deviance and crime?

Crime is much more likely to occur in wealthy and educated societies than they are in impoverished and underprivileged societies.

Deviance is crucial for the development of society, and without crime, society cannot learn conformity and compliance.

The lack of social ties and moral solidarity among people in societies encourages social deviance.

Wealthy movie stars can face few repercussions when they break the law, while less privileged members of society do face the legal consequences of their actions.

RATIONALE

Conflict theory states that inequalities in wealth and power that arise from the economic system give rise to deviance. Mills described the existence of what he dubbed the power elite, a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources. The imbalance of power enables wealthy people to break the law and get away with it, whereas less privileged members of society often face unfair consequences.

CONCEPT

 Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance

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12

What effect did the removal of the Fairness Doctrine in 1987 have on broadcast media?

It allowed broadcasters to propagate specific agenda on controversial matters.

It stopped the control of the type of information that was presented to television audiences.

It prevented the acquisition of broadcast media channels by major networks.

It mandated that broadcasters air opposing views on controversial topics to their audiences.

RATIONALE

In 1987, the FCC removed the long-standing Fairness Doctrine, a rule that had required broadcasters to air contrasting views on controversial topics. This led to a proliferation of talk radio programs and cable TV stations in the 1990s, many with a clear political angle that they would not have been allowed to hold under the Fairness Doctrine.

CONCEPT

 Media and Technology

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13

What role is rehabilitation supposed to play in a criminal justice system?

It provides criminals with an option of paying a set amount of money to a court rather than go to prison for their crimes.

It subjects criminals to harsh punishments to scare and deter people from committing similar crimes.

It aims to change the behavior of offenders through therapy or education to make them less dangerous to society.

It focuses on inflicting the same amount of pain and torture on the offender as was inflicted on the victim.

RATIONALE

The rehabilitation system is designed to make the offender better, whether through education, training, medical care, therapy, or just time alone with their thoughts and regrets. Rehabilitation may be a noble goal, but it is difficult to achieve. One way that rehabilitation is measured is through the rate of recidivism, which is when a person commits further offenses after their release from prison.

CONCEPT

 Punishment

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